Prior
For other uses, see Prior (disambiguation)Prior is a
title, derived from the Latin adjective for 'earlier, first', with several notable uses.
A monastic superior, usually lower in rank than an abbot. In the
Rule of St. Benedict the term prior occurs several times, but does not signify any particular superior; it is indiscriminately applied to any superior, be he abbot, provost, dean, etc. In other old monastic rules the term is used in the same generic sense.
With the
Cluniac reform the term prior received a specific meaning; it supplanted the
provost (
praepositus) of the Rule of St. Benedict. In the
congregation of Hirschau, which arose in Germany in the eleventh century, the term prior was also substituted for provost, and the example of the Cluniac and Hirschau congregations was gradually followed by all Benedictine monasteries, as well as by the
Camaldolese,
Vallombrosians,
Cistercians, and other offshoots of the Benedictine Order.
Compound and Derived titles
In the
Benedictine Order and its branches, in the
Premonstratensian Order, and in the military orders there are two kinds of priors, -- the claustral prior and the conventual prior.
The
claustral prior (Latin
prior claustralis), in a few monasteries called
dean, holds the first place after the
abbot (or
grand-master in military orders), whom he assists in the government of the monastery and whose place he supplies in his absence. He has no ordinary jurisdiction by virtue of his office, since he performs the duties of his office entirely according to the will and under the direction of the abbot. His jurisdiction is, therefore, a delegated one and extends just as far as the abbot desires, or the constitutions of the congregation prescribe. He is appointed by the abbot, generally after a consultation with the capitulars of the monastery, and may be removed by him at any time. In many monasteries, especially larger ones, the claustral prior is assisted by a
subprior, who holds the third place in the monastery. In former times there were in larger monasteries, besides the prior and the subprior, also a third, fourth and sometimes even a fifth prior. Each of these was called circa (or
circator), because it was his duty to make the rounds of the monastery to see whether anything was amiss and whether the brethren were intent on the work allotted to them respectively. He had no authority to correct or punish the brethren, but was to report to the claustral prior whatever he found amiss or contrary to the rules.
The
conventual prior (Latin
prior conventualis) is the independent superior of a monastery that has no abbot; he rules in temporals and spirituals just like an abbot. Ordinarily he is elected by the chapter of his monastery and holds his office for life, though in former times he was often elected for a specified period of time. He may be assisted by a subprior, whose office is similar to that of the claustral prior in an abbey. In the
Congregation of Cluny and others of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries there was also a greater prior (
prior major) who preceded the claustral prior in dignity and, besides assisting the abbot in the government of the monastery, had some delegated jurisdiction over external dependencies of the abbey.
The appellation of simple, or
obedientiary prior (prior simplex or prior obedientiarius) is often applied to the superior of a monastic establishment which is a dependency of an abbey. He is an obedientiary of the abbot, is appointed by him, and may be removed by him at any time.
In the high days of Cluny, the Abbot was assisted by a
Coadjutor styled
Grand-Prior (
Grand-prieur in French).
The
Augustinian Hermits,
Carmelites,
Servites and
Brothers of Mercy have three kinds of priors: the conventual prior, the
provincial prior and the
prior general.
*The conventual prior is the first superior over a monastery. He is generally elected by the
chapter of the monastery for a specified time, and his election requires the approbation of the provincial prior.
*The
provincial prior is the superior over a number of monasteries that are united into a so-called
province (usually not coincidig with a metropolitan's province, though). He is generally elected for a specified time by the conventual priors and delegates from the various monasteries of the province, and his election requires the approbation of the prior general.
*The
prior general is the superior over the whole order; he is elected in the
general chapter for a specified time and resides in Rome.
The
Dominicans also have conventual - and provincial priors, but the superior of the whole order is not called prior general, but
master general.
The
Carthusians have conventual priors and a prior general, but no provincial priors. Their prior general is the only superior of an order who does not reside in Rome. Before their suppression in France, the prior of the mother house
Grande Chartreuse was always prior general, an office now filled by the prior of
Farneta near
Lucca in Central Italy.
In all these orders the second superior of a monastery is called
subprior and his office is similar to that of the claustral prior in the Benedictine Order.
Compound and Derived titles
*In some orders there is only one Grand prior, e.g. in the
Portuguese Order of Christ; in other orders there are several, each in charge of a geographical province called grand priory after him, as in the
Order of Malta
