Lithosphere
 |
The tectonic plates of the Lithosphere on Earth. |
The
lithosphere (from the
Greek for "rocky" sphere) is the solid outermost shell of a rocky
planet. On the
Earth, the lithosphere includes the
crust and the uppermost layer of the
mantle (the upper mantle or lower lithosphere) which is joined to the crust.
As the cooling surface layer of the Earth's
convection system, the lithosphere thickens over time. It is fragmented into relatively strong pieces, called
tectonic plates (shown in the picture), which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as
plate tectonics.
The distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is not composition, but its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive
plate tectonic motions, the lithosphere responds essentially as a rigid shell and thus deforms primarily through brittle failure, whereas the
asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and accommodates
strain through
plastic deformation. Both the crust and upper mantle float on the more plastic asthenosphere. The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the
Moho discontinuity.
There are two types of lithosphere:
*
oceanic lithosphere*
continental lithosphereOceanic lithosphere is about 70 km thick (but can be as thin as 1.6 km at the
mid-ocean ridges), while continental lithosphere is about 150 km thick (and can be considerably thicker at continental collision zones). Oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of
mafic and
ultramafic rocks and is denser than continental lithosphere, which consists predominantly of
felsic rocks. This higher density has the effect that at
subduction zones the oceanic plate will invariably sink underneath the continental plate. New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges from mantle material and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 200 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old. As oceanic lithosphere grows older, it gets cooler and denser, with the result that if two oceanic plates converge, the older one will subduct below the younger one.
*
Earth's Crust, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere*
Crust and Lithosphere* Stanley Chernicoff and Donna Whitney.
Geology. An Introduction to Physical Geology, 4th ed., Pearson 2007
*
Asthenosphere*
Earth's atmosphere*
Biosphere*
Cryosphere*
Hydrosphere*
Pedosphere*
Plate tectonics
