Latin verbs (A to K)

*This list of Latin verbs includes all four principal parts (three in the case of deponent verbs, semi-deponent verbs, and certain passives) of the verbs in this order (all are 1st person, singular, active, indicative), see Latin verbs (2) for verbs from L - Z: 1. present 2. infinitive 3. past perfect 4. Passive perfect participle- (Most derivatives descend from the second principal part)
*For full conjugation of all forms of a verb (person, number, tense, voice, mood) see Latin conjugation.
*Each verb on this list includes lists of English derivatives of these verbs (except when there are none). Any verb cited within the etymology of another verb is included in the list and the derivatives of each will be found at the least complex verb (example- the derivative accessible is found under cÄ"dere rather than accÄ"dere) EXCEPT when 1. the assumed relation of the more complex verb to the simpler verb involves an unattested form (see sÅ«mÅ�) or 2. the complex verb contains a noun or adjective instead of a prefix (see aedificare).
*Many of these derivatives contain affixes or their forms are considerably different from their Classical Latin forms. Many have also undergone semantic change and their modern meanings may be difficult to relate to the Latin etymon. Also, only a limited number of meanings is given for each Latin verb. In any of these cases it is best to look at that specific word's etymology. The List of English prefixes and List of English suffixes may also be helpful. The internal links for the prefixes ab-, ad-, con-, and ex- may also help explain phonological changes of a given word. The external links [1] within the text go to the hypothetical Indo-European root for that particular verb.

A

Present	Infinitive	Past perfect	Passive perfect participle	Meaning	Derivation|-	abluÅ�	abluere	abluÄ«	ablÅ«tus	"to wash away"	From ab- + luere (see luÅ�); see lavÅ� for derivatives.|-	accÄ"dÅ�	accÄ"dere	accessÄ«	accessum	"to come up to, approach"	From ad- + cÄ"dÅ�.|-	accendÅ�	accendere	accendÄ«	accÄ"nsus	"to set fire to"	From ad- + candÅ�.|-	accidit	accidere	accidit	—	"it happens"	From ad- + cadÅ�.|-	accipiÅ�	accipere	accÄ"pÄ«	acceptum	"to accept, receive"	From ad- + capiÅ�|-	adiÅ«tÅ�	adiÅ«tÄ�re	adiutÄ�vÄ«	adiutÄ�tum	"to help"	From ad- + iutÅ�, from iutum, the Passive perfect participle participle of iuvÄ�re (see iuvÅ�); derivatives adjutant, [[aid].|-	adveniÅ�	advenÄ«re	advÄ"nÄ«	adventum	"to arrive"	From ad- + veniÅ�.|-	aedificÅ�	aedificÄ�re	aedificÄ�vÄ«	aedificÄ�tum	"to build, erect buildings"	From aedis ("building", originally "hearth, fireplace") + facere (see faciÅ�); derivatives edification, edifice, edify.|-	agÅ�	agere	Ä"gÄ«	actum	"to do, act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh, manage"	Derivatives act, active, actor, actual, actualism, actuary, actuate, agenda, agent, agile, agitation, allege, ambage, ambiguous, assay, cache, coagulation, cogent, essay, exact, exacta, examination, exigent, exiguous, fumigation, fustigate, intransigent, levigate, litigate, navigate, objurgate, prodigal, redaction, retroactive, squat, transaction, variegation.[2]|-	ambulÅ�	ambulÄ�re	ambulÄ�vÄ«	ambulatum	"to walk"	Derivatives alley, alley oop, ambulance, ambulate, andante, funambulist, perambulator, preamble.[3]|-	amÅ�	amÄ�re	amÄ�vÄ«	amatum	"to love"	Derivatives amore, amour, paramour.|-	aperiÅ�	aperÄ«re	aperuÄ«	apertum	"to open, uncover"	Derivatives aperient, apéritif, aperture, overt, overture, pert.[4]|-	appellÅ�	appellÄ�re	appellÄ�vÄ«	appellatum	"to call (by name), entreat, speak to, accost"	From ad- + pellÅ�. Derivative appellation.|-	arceÅ�	arcÄ"re	arcuÄ«	—	"to enclose, keep out/off, prevent, stop"	-	ardeÅ�	ardÄ"re	arsÄ«	arsus	"to burn, be on fire"	-	areÅ�	arÄ"re	—	—	"to be dry"	Derivatives ardent, ardor, arid, arson.|-	ascendÅ�	ascendere	ascendÄ«	ascensum	"to climb"	From ad- + scandere. Derivatives ascend, ascendant.|-	audio	audÄ«re	audÄ«vÄ«	audÄ«tum	"to hear"	Derivatives audible, audience, audile, audio, audit, audition, auditor, auditorium, auditory, oyez, obey, subaudition. [5]|-	augeÅ�	augÄ"re	auxÄ«	auctus	"to increase, augment"	auction, augend, augment, author, authorize.[6]

B

Present	Infinitive	Past perfect	Passive perfect participle	Meaning	Derivation|-	bibÅ�	bibere	bibÄ«	—	"to drink"	Derivatives beer, beverage, bib, bibulous imbibe, imbrue.[7]

C

Present	Infinitive	Past perfect	Passive perfect participle	Meaning	Derivation|-	cadÅ�	cadere	cecidÄ«	cÄ�sum	"to fall, kill, die, be killed, happen, fail, belong"	:adaver, :adence, :adent, :aducous, :ascade, :ase, :asual, :asualty, :asuist, :hance, :hute accident, decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, :ccasion, occident, recidivism [8]|-	caedÅ�	caedere	cecÄ«dÄ«	caesus	"to cut, kill, hack (at), strike"	abscise, :aesura, :ement, :estus, :hisel, â€"cide as in suicide, :ircumcise, :oncise, decide, excise, incise, precise, recision, scissors [9]|-	candeÅ�	candÄ"re	canduÄ«		"to shine, glitter, be shining white, be white-hot"	:andelabrum, :andelilla, :andent, :andescence, candid, :andida, :andidate, :andle, :andor, incandescence [10]|-	canÅ�	canere	cecinÄ«	cantum	"to sing"	accent, :anorous, :ant, :antabile, :antata, :anticle, :antillation, :anto, :antor, :anzone, :hant, :hanteuse, :hantey, :hanticleer, :hantry, descant, enchant, incantation, incentive, precentor, recant, shanty [11]|-	capiÅ�	capere	cÄ"pi	captum	"to take, capture"	:able, :acciatore, :aitiff, :apable, :apacious, :apacity, :apias, :apstan, :aption, :aptious, :aptivate, :aptive, :aptor, :apture, :atch, :ater, :hase, :op, :opper accept, anticipate, :atchpole, :onceive, conception, deceive, except, inception, inceptive, incipient, intercept, intussusception, municipal, nuncupative, occupant, occupy, participation, perceive, precept, receive, recipe, recover, recuperation, susceptible [12]|-	caveÅ�	cavÄ"re	cÄ�vÄ«	cautum	"to guard against, beware of"	:aution tape, :aveat, :ave canem|-	cÄ"do	cÄ"dere	cessi	cessus	"to go, move, concede, withdraw, yield"	abscess, accede, access, accessible, ancestor, antecedent, :ease, :ede, :ession, :oncede, decease, exceed, expulsion,incessant, intercede, precedent, predecessor, procession, recession, retrocede, secession, succession [13]|-	cÄ"nÅ�	cÄ"nÄ�re	cÄ"nÄ«	cÄ"nÄ�tum	"to dine"	From cÄ"na "meal". Derivative :enacle [14]|-	cieÅ�	ciÄ"re	cÄ«vÄ«	citus	"to set in motion, rouse, bring about, make"	:ite, excite, incite, oscitancy, resuscitate, solicitous [15]|-	circumveniÅ�	circumvenÄ«re	circumvÄ"nÄ«	circumventum	"to surround, go around"	-	clÄ�mÅ�	clÄ�mÄ�re	clÄ�mÄ�vÄ«	clÄ�mÄ�tum	"shout, call, cry out"	acclaim, :laim, :lamant, :lamor, declaim, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim [16]|-	claudÅ�	claudere	clause	clausum	"to shut, close"	:lause, :laustrophobic, :loister, :lose, :lose, exclude, include, preclude, recluse, seclude, seclusion|-	cognoscÅ�	cognoscere	cognÅ�vÄ«	cognitum	"to know(both in knowledge and in acknowledgement)"	acquaint, :ognition, :ognizance, :onnoisseur, incognito, notice, notify, notion, notorious, quaint, recognize, reconnaissance, reconnoiter [17]|-	colligÅ�	colligere	collÄ"gÄ«	collectum		From :on- + legÅ�.|-	colÅ�	colere	coluÄ«	cultum	"to cultivate, till, inhabit, worship"	:olony, :ult, :ultivate, :ulture, Kultur, incult, inquiline, nidicolous, silvicolous [18]|-	compellÅ�	compellÄ�re	compellÄ�vÄ«	compellatum	"to drive (together), compel, force"	From :on- + pellÅ�.|-	:ondere	condere	condidÄ«	conditus	"to found, establish, put"	abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce [19]|-	cÅ�nficiÅ�	cÅ�nficere	cÅ�nfÄ"cÄ«	cÅ�nfectum	"finish"	From :on- + faciÅ�.|-	cÅ�nfidÅ�	confÄ«dere		confÄ«sus sum	"to trust"	From :on- + fÄ«dÅ�.|-	coniciÅ�	conicere	coniÄ"cÄ«	coniectus	"to hurl"	From :on- + iaciÅ�.|-	conspiciÅ�	conspicer	conspexÄ«	conspectum	"to catch sight of"	From :on- + speciÅ�.|-	cÅ�nstituÅ�	cÅ�nstituere	cÅ�nstituÄ«	cÅ�nstitÅ«tum	"to set up, erect, settle (on)"	From :on- + statuÅ�.|-	:ontendere	contendere	contendÄ«	contentum	"stretch, aim, strain, exert"	From :on- + tendÅ�.|-	conveniÅ�	convenÄ«re	convÄ"nÄ«	conventum	" to (go to) meet, interview, walk, march"	From :on- + veniÅ�.|-	convoco	convocÄ�re	convocÄ�vÄ«	convocÄ�tum	"to convoke"	From :on- + vocÅ�.|-	crÄ"do	crÄ"dÄ›re	crÄ"didÄ«	creditum	"to lend, loan, believe, trust, accept as true"	:redence, :redible, :redit, :redo, :redulous, grant, incredible, miscreant, recreant [20]|-	crÄ"sco	crÄ"scere	crÄ"vÄ«	crÄ"tus	"to grow (up), increase, arise, come into being"	accrue, :oncrescence, :oncrete, :rescendo, :rescent, :rew, decrease, excrescence, increase, recruit [21]|-	cupio	cupÄ›re	cupÄ«vÄ« or cupiÄ«	cupÄ«tum	"to wish, be eager for, long for, desire"	:ovet, :ovetous, :upescence, Cupid, :upidity|-	cÅ«rÅ�	cÅ«rÄ�re	cÅ«rÄ�vÄ«	cÅ«rÄ�tum	"to take care of, look after"	:urative, :ure, procure, secure, security|-	currÅ�	currere	cucurrÄ«	cursum	"to run (over), traverse, pass, skim over"	:oncourse, :oncur, :orral, :orrida, :orrido, :orridor, corsair, :ourante, :ourier, :ourse, :urrent, :ursive, :ursor, :urule, decurrent, discourse, excursion, hussar, incur, intercourse, kraal, occur, percurrent, precursor, recourse, recur, succor [22]
custÅ�diÅ�	custÅ�dÄ«re	custÅ�dÄ«vÄ«	custÅ�dÄ«tum	"to guard, protect, watch (over), hold in custody"	From cust-Å�s, -Å�dis "guard." :ustodian, :ustodial, :ustody[23]|} D Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- dÄ"bÄ"o dÄ"bÄ"re dÄ"buÄ« dÄ"bitum "to have to, owe, be responsible for, be obliged to" ALSO "I ought to, I must" debenture, debit, debt, devoir, due, duty, endeavor [24]|- dÄ"dÅ� dÄ"dere dÄ"didÄ« dÄ"ditum "to give up, surrender" (no direct English derivatives) From de- + dÅ�.|- dÄ"fendÅ� dÄ"fendÄ"re defendÄ« dÄ"fensum "to defend" From de- + fendere (attested only in prefixed compound verbs; see offendo). defend, defense, fence, fend|- dÄ"pÅ�nÅ� dÄ"pÅ�nere dÄ"posuÄ« dÄ"positum "to put down/aside, get rid of, deposit" From de- + pÅ�nÅ�.|- despÄ"rÅ� despÄ"rÄ�re despÄ"rÄ�vÄ« despÄ"rÄ�tum "to despair, give up hope" From de- + spÄ"rÅ�.|- dÄ«cÅ� dÄ«cere dÄ«xÄ« dictum "to speak, say" addict, benediction, condition, contradict, dictate, diction, dictum, ditto, ditty, edict, fatidic, herb bennet, indict, indiction, indite, interdict, juridical, jurisdiction, maledict, malison, predict, valediction, verdict, veridical, voir dire [25]|- dictÅ� dictÄ�re dictÄ�vÄ« dictÄ�tum "to say (again), reiterate, suggest, remind" Frequentative verb formed from Passive perfect participle participle of dÄ«cÅ�.|- dÄ«mittÅ� dÄ«mittÄ›re dÄ«mttÄ«vÄ« dÄ«missus "to send away, let go, dismiss" From di- + mittÅ�.|- discÄ"dÅ� discÄ"dere discessÄ« discessum "to go away, depart" From dis- + cÄ"dÅ� (no direct English derivatives, but see cÄ"dÅ�).|- discÅ� discÄ›re didÇ�cÄ« "to learn, get to know, be told" disciple, discipline [26]|- dÅ� dare dÄ›dÄ« datus "to give, offer, dedicate, pay out" add, betray, dado, date, dative, data, datum, die, edition, perdition, render, rendition, rent, surrender, tradition, traitor, treason, vend [27]|- doceÅ� docere docuÄ« doctum "to teach, i.e. to cause to accept" docent, docile, doctor, doctrine, document [28]|- dormiÅ� dormÄ«re dormÄ«vÄ« dormÄ«tum "to sleep" dorm, dormancy, dormant, dormer, dormitory, dormouse|- dÅ«cÅ� dÅ«cere dÅ«xÄ« ductum "to lead" abducens, abduct, adduce, aqueduct, circumduction, con, condottiere, conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, doge, douche, ducal, ducat,duce, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, duke, educe, endue, induce, introduce, produce, redoubt, reduce, seduction, subduction, subdue, traduce, transducer [29] E Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- edÅ� Ä"sse OR edere Ä"dÄ« Ä"sus "to eat" edacious, edible, escarole, esculent, esurient; comedo, comestible, obese [30]|- efficiÅ� efficere effÄ"cÄ« effectum From ex- + facere (see faciÅ�).|- emÅ� emere Ä"mÄ« Ä"mptum "to buy, pay (for), take, gain, obtain, bribe" ademption, example, exemplary, exemplify, exemplum, exempt, impromptu, peremptory, preemption, premium, prompt, pronto, ransom, redeem, redemption, sample, vintage [31]|- eÅ� Ä«re Ä«Ä« itum "to go" adit, ambient, ambition, circuit, coitus, comitia, exit, introit, issue, obituary, perish, praetor, preterit, preterite, sedition, subito, sudden, trance, transient, transit, transitive [32]|- errÅ� errÄ�re errÄ�vÄ« errÄ�tum "to wander, err" aberration, err, erratic, erratum, erroneous, error|- Ä"vÄ�dÅ� Ä"vÄ�dere Ä"vÄ�sÄ« Ä"vÄ�sum "escape" From ex- + vÄ�dÅ�.|- Ä"vigilÅ� Ä"vigilÄ�re Ä"vigilÄ�vÄ« Ä"vigilÄ�tum "to be awake, to watch/work/etc. through the night" (no direct derivatives) BUT from ex- + vigilÅ�.|- excitÅ� excitÄ�re excitÄ�vÄ« excitÄ�tum "to awaken, excite" From ex- + citare (citus, frequentative from Passive perfect participle participle of cieÅ�)|- exeÅ� exÄ«re exÄ«Ä« exitum "to go out" From ex- + eÅ�.|- exerceÅ� exercÄ"re exercuÄ« exercitus "to train, execrcise" From ex- + arceÅ�. exercise|- exspectÅ� exspectÄ�re exspectÄ�vÄ« exspectÄ�tum "to wait (for), expect" From ex- + the Passive perfect participle participle of speciÅ�. F Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- faciÅ� facere fÄ"cÄ« factum "to make, do, fashion, create, frame, build" affair, affect, affect, affection, amplify, artifact, artificial, beatification, benefactive, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confectionery, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeatism, defect, deficient, discomfit, effect, efficacy, efficient, -facient, facsimile, fact, faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factotum, faena, fashion (verb), feat, feature, feckless, fetish, -fic, -fy, forfeit, hacienda, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modifier, mollifiers, nidify, notification, nullifiers, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, quantify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify [33]|- faveÅ� favÄ"re fÄ�vÄ« fautum "to favor, support" favor, favorite|- ferÅ� ferre tulÄ« lÄ�tum "to carry, bear" From principal parts 1 & 2: afferent, circumference, confer, defer, differ, efferent, â€"fer (as in aquifer), fertile, infer, offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer, vociferous[34] From principal part 4: ablation, ablative, allative, collate, dilatory, elate, elative, illation, illative, legislator, oblate, prelate, prolate, relate, sublate, superlative, translate [35]|- festÄ«nÅ� festÄ«nÄ�re festÄ«nÄ�vÄ« festÄ«nÄ�tum "to hurry, bustle, speed (up)" festinate, festination|- fÄ«dÅ� fÄ«dÄ›re fÄ«sus sum "to trust, confide (in)" affiance, affiant, affidavit, confidant, confide, confident, defiance, defy, diffident, fiancé, fiducial, fiduciary, perfidy [36]|- fiÅ� fÄ«erÄ« factus sum "to become" fiat [37]|- fleÅ� flÄ"re flÄ"vÄ« flÄ"tum "to weep" feeble|- frangÅ� frangere frÄ"gÄ« frÄ�ctum "to break" anfractuous, chamfer, defray, diffraction, fractal, fracted, fraction, fractious, fracture, fragile, fragment, frail, frangible, infract, infrangible, infringe, irrefrangible, ossifrage, refract, refrain, refringent, sassafras, saxifrage, septifragal [38]|- fugiÅ� fugere fÅ«gÄ« fÅ«gitum "to flee" centrifuge, feverfew, fugitive, refugee, tempus fugit G Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- gaudeÅ� gaudÄ"re gÄ�vÄ«sus sum "to rejoice" enjoy, gaud, gaudy, gaudy, joy rejoice [39]|- gerÅ� gerere gessÄ« gessum "to carry, bear, wear" dentigerous, gesticulation, gesture H Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- habeÅ� habÄ"re habuÄ« habitum "to hold, possess, have, handle" able, avoirdupois, binnacle, cohabit, exhibit, habile, habit, habitable, habitant, habitat, inhabit, inhibit, malady, prebend, prohibit, provender|- habitÅ� habitÄ�re habitÄ�vÄ« habitÄ�tum "to live (somewhere), dwell" From habeÅ�. I Present Infinitive Past perfect Passive perfect participle Meaning Derivation|- iaceÅ� iacere iacuÄ« iacitum "to lie (down), be situated, i.e. to be thrown" - iaciÅ� iacÄ›re iÄ"cÄ« iactus "to throw, cast" abject, adjacent, adjective, amice, circumjacent, conjecture, deject, ejaculate, eject, gist, gite, inject, interject, jactitation, jess, jet, jeté, jetsam, jettison, jetty, joist, jut, object, parget, project, reject, subjacent, subject, superjacent, traject [40]|- imperÅ� imperÄ�re imperÄ�vÄ« imperÄ�tum "to give orders, demand, (be in) command" From in- + parÅ�.|- incendÅ� incendere incendÄ« incensus "to light (up), set on fire, burn, make bright, inflame, excite, enrage" From candÅ� or just from the same root incendiary, incense, incense, frankincense [41]|- induÅ� induere indui indÅ«tum "to don (something), put on (clothes)" endue, indue, indument [42]|- ineÅ� inÄ«re iniÄ« initum "to start, begin, enter" From in- + eÅ� or simply from the same base and thought of as a compound in Latin. commence, initial, initiate|- Ä«nsum inesse Ä«nfuÄ« infutÅ«rus (no direct English derivatives) From in- + sum.|- intellegÅ� intellegere intellÄ"xÄ« intellÄ"ctum "to gather, understand" From inter- + lÄ›go.|- intersum interesse interfuÄ« interfutÅ«rus "to be in, among" From inter- + sum.|- intrÅ� intrÄ�re intrÄ�vÄ« intrÄ�tum From intra- + -are (verbal suffix). enter, entrance|- inveniÅ� invenÄ«re invÄ"nÄ« inventum "to find, come upon, discover, invent" From in- + veniÅ�|- invideÅ� invidÄ"re invÄ«dÄ« invÄ«suum "to envy, begrudge, be jealous" From in- + videÅ�.|- iubeÅ� iubere iussÄ« iussum "to order, decree, designate, appoint" jussive|- iuvÅ� iuvÄ�re iuvÄ�vÄ« iuvÄ�tum "to help, give an advantage (to), benefit" (no direct derivatives, but see adiuvÅ�) J & K Most words with a 'j' that are descended from Latin were originally written in Classical Latin with an 'i' and appear there in this list to avoid redundancy (ex. jaceÅ� and iaceÅ� are the same verb). The letter 'k' was very rare in Latin and only occasionally used in words of Ancient Greek origin in place of kappa or in foreign and personal names. The 'hard k' sound in Latin is represented by 'c' which was never a 'soft c' (as in Modern English 'century'). References *The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition [43] *"The Bantam New College Latin & English Dictionary" by John C. Traupman (ISBN 0-553-57301-2) See also *Latin verbs (2) *Latin nouns *Grammatical conjugation *Grammatical person *Grammatical number *Grammatical tense *Grammatical voice *Grammatical mood *Latin *List of Latin words with English derivatives *Latin conjugation *Verb *Vocabulary *Etymology   Rate this Article    Was this article helpful? 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