Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
Charles, called
the Bold or
the Rash (
French:
Charles le Téméraire) (
November 10,
1433 –
January 5,
1477) was
Duke of Burgundy from
1467 to
1477. He was known as
Charles the Terrible to his detractors.
He was born in
Dijon, the son of
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy and
Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy. In his father's lifetime (
1433–1467) he bore the title of
Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also created a
Knight of the Golden Fleece but twenty days after his birth, being invested by
Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de
Croy.
He was brought up under the direction of the seigneur d'
Auxy, and early showed great application to study and also to warlike exercises. He was on familiar terms with the
dauphin (afterwards
Louis XI), when the latter was a refugee at the court of
Burgundy. But he viewed with chagrin the repurchase by the king of France of the towns on the
Somme, which had been temporarily ceded to
Philip the Good by the
Treaty of Arras; and when his father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip abandoned to him completely by an act of
April 12,
1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the
League of the Public Weal.
His bravery at the
Battle of Montlhéry (
July 13,
1465), where he was wounded and was left master of the field, neither prevented the king from re-entering
Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the
treaty of Conflans (
1466), by which the king restored to him the towns on the
Somme, and promised him the hand of his infant daughter Catherine, with
Champagne as dowry.
In the meanwhile the count of Charolais obtained the surrender of
Ponthieu. The revolt of
Liège and
Dinant intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. On
August 25,
1466 Charles took possession of Dinant, which he pillaged and sacked, and succeeded in treating at the same time with the
Bishopric of Liège. After the death of Philip the Good (
June 15,
1467), the Bishopric of Liège renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at
Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into Liège, which he dismantled and deprived of some of its privileges.
Alarmed by these early successes of the duke of Burgundy, and anxious to settle various questions relating to the execution of the treaty of Conflans, Louis requested a meeting with Charles and placed himself in his hands at
Péronne. In the course of the negotiations the duke was informed of a fresh revolt of the
Bishopric of Liège secretly fomented by Louis. After deliberating for four days how to deal with his adversary, who had thus maladroitly placed himself at his mercy, Charles decided to respect the parole he had given and to treat with Louis (October
1468), at the same time forcing him to assist in quelling the revolt. The town was carried by assault and the inhabitants were massacred, Louis not having the courage to intervene on behalf of his ancient allies.
At the expiry of the one year's truce which followed the treaty of Péronne, the king accused Charles of
treason, cited him to appear before the
parlement, and seized some of the towns on the Somme (
1471). The duke retaliated by invading France with a large army, taking possession of
Nesle and massacring its inhabitants. He failed, however, in an attack on
Beauvais, and had to content himself with ravaging the country as far as
Rouen, eventually retiring without having attained any useful result.
Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least the gay and wasteful profusion which had characterized the court of Burgundy under the preceding duke, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly
Englishmen and
Italians, and by developing his
artillery. Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In
1469 the
archduke of
Austria,
Sigismund, had sold him the county of
Ferrette, and the landgraviate of
Alsace and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.
In
1472–
1473 Charles bought the reversion of the duchy of
Guelders from its old duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the grand duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Aries with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the emperor
Frederick to assent to crown him king at
Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the emperor's precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the duke's attitude. In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the archduke Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor,
Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed in May
1474); and finally, with
René II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories—
Flanders and the
Low Countries and the duchy and
county of Burgundy.
|
Charles the Bold as imagined in a Victorian engraving. |
All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary. Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the
archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 – June
1475) in besieging the little town of
Neuss on the
Rhine (the
Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law,
Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the
treaty of Picquigny (
August 29,
1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized
Nancy (
November 30, 1475). From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging and drowning the garrison of
Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation.
Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the
Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to fly with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty in the hands of the allies (March
1476). He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked
Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of
René II, Duke of Lorraine (
June 22,
1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On
October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which was re-entered by René. Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the
Battle of Nancy (
January 5,
1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body.
Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit—a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery.
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Duke Charles at Find A Grave
